Literatúra a softvér

Megger’s article “Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement: Field Challenges” was presented at the 2020 NETA PowerTest Conference in Chicago, Il. This article takes an in-depth look at the lesser known facts associated with the DC winding resistance (WR) measurements, diving deeper into topics such as selection of the correct test current, and the importance of compliance voltage during the test. Phenomena as core saturation, current stabilization, the influence of winding inductance on readings, and the effect of temperature, are also explained.

Transformer Turns Ratio (TTR) is one of the most common test used to assess the condition of the transformer’s windings and core.  It is performed as a part of acceptance and maintenance test procedure to determine any problems due to poor design, assembly, handling, overloading, fault conditions or poor maintenance. TTR results are compared against the nameplate ratings to determine any possible insulation deterioration, shorted turns, core heating or any other winding or core abnormalities.TTR is a simple and easy test to perform that is often taken for granted without fully understanding the principle and basis of the test. In cases when measurements are not within expected limits, it becomes a challenging task to determine the root cause and resolve the problem. This paper will focus on some of the unknown facts associated with the TTR test. The paper covers in detail the effect of applied test voltage, comparative analysis of step up vs step down excitation, different vector configurations, differences between nameplate ratio, voltage ratio and turns ratio, sources of ratio and phase angle errors, comparison of per phase testing vs true three phase testing, extreme tap ratios being out of tolerance for On Load Tap Changers (OLTC), and TTR test correlation with other electrical tests. The paper also provides field test results and case examples to explain the above-mentioned unknown facts.

Power swing which is principally caused by an oscillation in active and reactive power of transmission line, consequent to an enormous disruption in power system, which if not blocked, could cause wrong operation to the distance relay which may lead to tripping the healthy part of the transmission line. In the absence of power swing function it may result in severe damage to the machines or cascading tripping in the grid resulting in blackouts. To prevent such scenarios, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) have power swing block (PSB) detection and trip logics incorporated with distance schemes. 

Since the invention of the transformer, the design, quality and efficiency of this magnificent machine has been improved thanks to the development of electromagnetic materials, computer design algorithms, insulation materials, cooling systems, structural design, etc. Nowadays, a vast number of transformers operate worldwide aiming to provide reliable and safe operation under the most cumbersome environmental and operational conditions.

During recent years a great deal of valuable research work has been done to increase our knowledge of the properties of insulating materials, yet notwithstanding the progress so made the natural laws governing insulation resistance are but little understood.

A Portable Appliance Tester (PAT) is an instrument that is dedicated solely to the safety testing of portable electrical equipment in accordance with recognized national and local standards. Depending on locale, these standards may have been enacted into law. They may be requirements of specific industries or trade organizations, or just a good idea. In many cases, manufacturers of electrical consumer products who wish to export to foreign markets will be required, sometimes by national law, to assure the products have been safety tested. If testing is performed at time of manufacture, it will save money, aggravation and ill will that could result from having the products fail in the destination country. 

Review of IEEE, CIGRE and IEC standards for power transformer testing including overview of various frequency response analysis (FRA) techniques.

Different partial discharge defects show a different distribution in the frequency spectrum. These typical characteristics could be used in combination with the appropriate phase resolved partial discharge pattern for the analysis of partial discharge defects. The classification of the partial discharges allows an assessment of the defects in terms of its criticality.

The increased usage of the phase shifting transformers in various fields within power systems has introduced new challenges in performing on-site maintenance testing.

Improved transformer insulation assessment using dielectric response analysis.